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The OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the North-East Atlantic discreetly postpones its commitment to reduce radioactive discharges at sea from 2020 to 2050

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Following the Cascais meeting of the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the North-East Atlantic, which took place on October 1, the participating ministers discreetly postponed until 2050 the commitment made in 1998 in Sintra to reduce radioactive discharges into the sea to levels close to zero by 2020. Once again, international commitments to the environment are being disregarded. This does not bode well for the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow.

France is the first beneficiary of this 30-year postponement because, with its reprocessing plant at La Hague, it has the highest radioactive discharges to the sea in Europe. And these discharges are not decreasing, as shown by the results of the citizen monitoring of radioactivity in the environment carried out by ACRO for over 25 years.

The commitments made in 1998 in Sintra, Portugal, by the member states of the OSPAR Convention were confirmed at the following meetings in 2003 in Bremen and 2010 in Bergen: to reduce the levels of radioactive substances in the environment to levels close to background noise for natural substances and close to zero for those of human origin.

The results of the citizen monitoring of radioactivity in the environment carried out by ACRO for more than 25 years show that the situation is not satisfactory: discharges from the Orano reprocessing plant at La Hague are visible all along the Channel coastline and, in the summer of 2021, could still be detected as far as the Danish border. The association condemns this 30-year extension of the pollution permits and urges France to significantly reduce its radioactive discharges at sea by implementing available technologies. It will, for its part, maintain its vigilance.

Major radioelements

The OSPAR Convention’s 2010 “Quality Status” states that fuel fabrication and reprocessing plants are responsible for 98% of radioelement discharges from the nuclear sector. With the UK’s Sellafield reprocessing plant closing in 2020, French discharges are now ultra-dominant.

In its latest contribution to the OSPAR Convention, dated 2019, France acknowledges that the radioelements with the greatest impact are iodine-129 and carbon-14: the dose to the reference group, i.e. local fishermen, would be reduced by 30% if these two radioelements were filtered. The reduction of cobalt-60 discharges would lead to a 4% reduction in the dose of the same reference group. Unfortunately, Orano has not implemented the technologies available in other countries to reduce discharges of these three elements. Iodine and cobalt are among the 62 radioelements filtered by the ALPS station at Fukushima.

As part of its Citizen’s Observatory of Radioactivity in the Environment, ACRO systematically detects iodine-129 in algae all along the Channel coastline at levels that do not decrease with time. It has detected it as far as the Danish border.

Cobalt-60 is regularly detected in algae collected in the Nord-Cotentin region and more episodically in St-Valéry-en-Caux, near the Penly and Paluel nuclear power plants in the Seine Maritime.

ACRO does not have the technical capacity to measure carbon-14, which is also naturally present in the environment, but the radiological report published by IRSN shows that there is a systematic contribution from discharges from nuclear facilities and that levels significantly exceed natural levels in the Channel and the North Sea, as far as the Netherlands. The highest levels are more than twice as high as natural levels.

It is important to note that tritium (radioactive hydrogen) discharges have risen sharply since the Sintra declaration. Orano’s La Hague plant has the highest discharges in the world, according to the Japanese government’s assessment: the plant discharges every 30 days what Japan is about to discharge in 30 years in Fukushima!

ACRO also monitors tritium in seawater. In the Nord-Cotentin region, the levels are more than 100 times higher than the natural background.

All results are detailed in the appendice to the OSPAR Press Release

Ambient levels in the marine environment are not close to zero for artificial radioactive substances (iodine-129 and cobalt-60), nor close to background levels for tritium and carbon-14. The excuse of the need for more research and development to reduce radioactive discharges at sea, put forward in the French contribution to OSPAR, cannot be accepted. With the exception of tritium, technologies are available and used in other countries. They must be used in France.

Despite France’s international commitments, radioactive discharges at sea are not decreasing

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Press release of 29 September 2021

With its reprocessing plant at La Hague, France has the highest radioactive discharges into the sea in Europe. And these discharges are not decreasing, despite the commitments made in 1998 in Sintra, Portugal, by the member states of the OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the North-East Atlantic:
“WE AGREE […] to prevent pollution of the maritime area from ionising radiation through progressive and substantial reductions of discharges, emissions and losses of radioactive substances, with the ultimate aim of concentrations in the environment near background values for naturally occurring radioactive substances and close to zero for artificial radioactive substances. […] WE SHALL ENSURE that discharges, emissions and losses of radioactive substances are reduced by the year 2020 to levels where the additional concentrations in the marine environment above historic levels, resulting from such discharges, emissions and losses, are close to zero.”
These commitments were confirmed at subsequent meetings in 2003 in Bremen and 2010 in Bergen.

However, the results of ACRO’s 25 years of citizen monitoring of radioactivity in the environment show that this is not the case: discharges from the Orano reprocessing plant in La Hague can be seen all along the Channel coastline and, in the summer of 2021, could still be detected as far as the Danish border. The association therefore urges France to respect its international commitments by significantly reducing its radioactive discharges at sea. It will, for its part, maintain its vigilance.

Major radioelements

The OSPAR Convention’s 2010 “Quality Status” states that fuel fabrication and reprocessing plants are responsible for 98% of radioelement discharges from the nuclear sector. With the UK’s Sellafield reprocessing plant closing in 2020, French discharges are now ultra-dominant.

In its latest contribution to the OSPAR Convention, dated 2019, France acknowledges that the radioelements with the greatest impact are iodine-129 and carbon-14: the dose to the reference group, i.e. local fishermen, would be reduced by 30% if these two radioelements were filtered. The reduction of cobalt-60 discharges would lead to a 4% reduction in the dose of the same reference group. Unfortunately, Orano has not implemented the technologies available in other countries to reduce discharges of these three elements. Iodine and cobalt are among the 62 radioelements filtered by the ALPS station at Fukushima.

As part of its Citizen’s Observatory of Radioactivity in the Environment, ACRO systematically detects iodine-129 in algae all along the Channel coastline at levels that do not decrease with time. It has detected it as far as the Danish border.

Cobalt-60 is regularly detected in algae collected in the Nord-Cotentin region and more episodically in St-Valéry-en-Caux, near the Penly and Paluel nuclear power plants in the Seine Maritime.

ACRO does not have the technical capacity to measure carbon-14, which is also naturally present in the environment, but the radiological report published by IRSN shows that there is a systematic contribution from discharges from nuclear facilities and that levels significantly exceed natural levels in the Channel and the North Sea, as far as the Netherlands. The highest levels are more than twice as high as natural levels.

It is important to note that tritium (radioactive hydrogen) discharges have risen sharply since the Sintra declaration. Orano’s La Hague plant has the highest discharges in the world, according to the Japanese government’s assessment: the plant discharges every 30 days what Japan is about to discharge in 30 years in Fukushima!

ACRO also monitors tritium in seawater. In the Nord-Cotentin region, the levels are more than 100 times higher than the natural background.

All results are detailed in the appendice to the OSPAR Press Release

Ambient levels in the marine environment are not close to zero for artificial radioactive substances (iodine-129 and cobalt-60), nor close to background levels for tritium and carbon-14. The excuse of the need for more research and development to reduce radioactive discharges at sea, put forward in the French contribution to OSPAR, is not acceptable. With the exception of tritium, technologies are available and used in other countries. They must be used in France.

Fukushima : bilan de dix années de suivi par l’ACRO

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Alors que l’on va commémorer le dixième anniversaire de la catastrophe nucléaire de Fukushima, l’ACRO propose :

Cela fait 10 ans que l’ACRO effectue un suivi de la catastrophe nucléaire à la centrale de Fukushima daï-ichi et de ses conséquences sur un site Internet dédié : Fukushima.eu.org. Avec plus de 2 700 articles, c’est le site francophone le plus complet sur le sujet.

Le bilan chiffré traite :

  • de l’avancement du démantèlement des réacteurs accidentés ;
  • de la gestion de l’eau contaminée ;
  • des travailleurs du nucléaire et des décontamineurs ;
  • de la décontamination dans les territoires affectés par les retombées radioactives et de la gestion des déchets engendrés ;
  • du retour des populations dans les zones évacuées ;
  • de l’impact sanitaire ;
  • du coût de la catastrophe ;
  • de la situation du parc nucléaire japonais.

Résumé de la revue sur les cancers de la thyroïde :

L’ACRO a effectué une revue de la littérature scientifique à propos des cancers de la thyroïde chez les jeunes de Fukushima. Les dernières données publiées font état de 252 cas de cancer suspecté, dont 202 ont été confirmés après une intervention chirurgicale. Mais ces données officielles ne prennent en compte que les cas découverts dans le cadre du suivi sanitaire lancé en 2011 par la province de Fukushima et ne sont donc pas complètes. Il n’est pas possible de connaître le nombre exact de cas.

S’il y a consensus sur le fait que le nombre de cas de cancer de la thyroïde observé est beaucoup plus élevé que ce qui est observé généralement sans dépistage, et ce, dès la première campagne de dépistage, les explications de cette augmentation sont très controversées. L’un des principaux objectifs du suivi en cours, outre de rassurer les familles, est de déterminer si l’exposition à de faibles doses de rayonnements a des effets sur la santé. Cependant, l’ancien directeur du suivi sanitaire de Fukushima, Shunichi Yamashita, a déjà conclu que « bien que les effets sur la santé directement liés à l’exposition aux radiations soient très peu probables dans les circonstances actuelles et les niveaux de radiation à Fukushima, une augmentation des cas de cancer de la thyroïde chez les enfants à Tchernobyl due à l’exposition interne à l’iode radioactif a conduit à exagérer le risque sanitaire des radiations à faibles doses et a également suscité une peur des radiations ». Quels que soient les résultats obtenus, les organisateurs de l’enquête s’en tiennent à cette interprétation.

Plusieurs arguments ont été avancés pour expliquer que les cas de cancer de la thyroïde découverts au cours de la première campagne n’étaient pas le résultat d’une exposition aux radiations après l’accident de Fukushima dai-ichi. Premièrement, une grande part de la population cible a reçu de faibles doses. Cependant, l’UNSCEAR, qui a procédé à une évaluation des doses à la thyroïde, n’exclut pas quelques cas de cancer liés aux radiations. Deuxièmement, la latence prévue pour le cancer de la thyroïde radio-induit est de 4 à 5 ans. Mais la plupart des cancers découverts à partir de la deuxième campagne sont apparus en très peu de temps. Troisièmement, aucun cas de cancer n’a été découvert dans la tranche d’âge la plus jeune, de 0 à 5 ans, au cours de la première campagne. Depuis, plus de 8 cas de ce type ont été découverts lors des campagnes suivantes.

En ce qui concerne les corrélations statistiques avec les doses d’exposition, les données disponibles ne sont pas suffisamment détaillées pour permettre des études précises. Il est intéressant de noter que les études réalisées par les membres du groupe de suivi sanitaire de Fukushima ne trouvent jamais de corrélation avec les doses de radiation, alors que les études réalisées par des chercheurs externes ont trouvé de telles corrélations.

Les arguments avancés pour exclure tout lien avec les retombées radioactives sont contredits par les faits. Si, dix ans après la catastrophe de Fukushima, il n’est toujours pas possible de tirer des conclusions définitives sur les raisons de la forte augmentation du taux de cancer de la thyroïde chez les jeunes de Fukushima, il n’est plus possible d’exclure que des cancers puissent être induits par les radiations.

L’héritage de Tchernobyl et la voie navigable transeuropéenne E40 – Chernobyl heritage and the E40 trans-Europe waterway – Наследие Чернобыля и трансъевропейский водный путь Е40

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English below – Русская версия ниже

Le projet de voie navigable internationale E40 vise à relier la mer Baltique et la mer Noire, de Gdansk à Kherson, en passant par la Pologne, la Biélorussie et l’Ukraine. Elle doit notamment traverser la Polésie, qui est la plus grande région sauvage d’Europe, où elle est susceptible de poser un risque élevé de dégradation des étendues naturelles dans le parc national Pripiatsky (Прыпяцкі нацыянальны парк). En outre, une partie du projet comprend l’aménagement de la rivière Pripiat qui coule au pied de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl et traverse la réserve radio-écologique d’État de Polésie (Палескі дзяржаўны радыяцыйна-экалагічны запаведнік) dans la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl qui est fortement contaminée par divers radioéléments.

C’est dans ce contexte que l’ACRO a effectué une première étude radio-écologique du projet pour le compte de la société zoologique de Francfort et le collectif « Save Polesia ».

Conclusions

Tchernobyl est l’accident industriel le plus grave de l’histoire. Plus de 30 ans plus tard, la contamination radioactive résiduelle est telle qu’elle interdit de vivre dans une zone d’exclusion étendue. Aujourd’hui, la contamination est dominée par le césium-137, le strontium-90 et divers isotopes du plutonium hautement toxique. L’américium-241, le noyau fils du plutonium-241, est également très toxique et sa contribution croissante devrait dominer l’impact radiologique à l’avenir. La stratégie générale consiste à attendre la lente décroissance radioactive et la réhabilitation de la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl demeure impossible pendant des décennies. Le démantèlement du bassin de refroidissement de Tchernobyl – le point chaud le plus radioactif – est la seule exception. Il existe également environ 90 sites de stockage de déchets radioactifs dans la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl qui doivent encore être démantelés.
Au-delà de la zone d’exclusion, la vie quotidienne de millions de personnes est toujours affectée par la contamination résiduelle. L’ensemble du bassin versant Pripiat-Dniepr a été contaminé par les retombées et les transferts directs dans la rivière. En aval de la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl, environ 8 millions d’Ukrainiens boivent l’eau du Dniepr, et jusqu’à 20 millions mangent des aliments irrigués avec cette eau. Les principaux contaminants sont le césium-137 qui tend à se fixer dans les sédiments de fond et le strontium-90 qui est continuellement transporté vers la mer Noire par la cascade du Dniepr. Les sédiments contaminés par le césium-137 ont été lentement recouverts par des sédiments moins contaminés et plus propres au fond du réservoir de Kiev, offrant un bouclier naturel à ce polluant. L’AIEA recommande, comme stratégie globale, de laisser ces sédiments en place et d’éviter tous processus qui conduiraient à leur remise en suspension. Pour le strontium-90, rien ne peut être fait.
En amont de la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl, il existe des zones le long de la rivière Pripiat qui ont été contaminées par les retombées radioactives au moment de l’accident. Le césium-137 est le contaminant dominant. La stratégie globale consiste également à attendre sa lente désintégration radioactive.
La CIPR considère ces situations comme des situations existantes pour lesquelles elle recommande un processus d’optimisation visant à retrouver les niveaux d’exposition prévalant avant l’accident. Les mesures de protection consistent principalement à adapter la vie quotidienne des habitants des territoires contaminés, car les modes de vie individuels sont des facteurs influents de l’exposition. Cela suppose que les personnes touchées soient pleinement conscientes de la situation et bien informées.
La convention d’Aarhus exige également que les États veillent à ce que les informations environnementales soient disponibles dans des bases de données électroniques facilement accessibles au public. Actuellement, ce n’est pas le cas. Il est très difficile d’accéder aux données sur la contamination radioactive afin d’évaluer les doses d’exposition.
Dans un tel contexte, la voie navigable intérieure E40 projetée, qui devrait passer à proximité de la centrale nucléaire de Tchernobyl et traverser la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl, aura nécessairement un impact radiologique sur les travailleurs de la construction et de la maintenance, ainsi que sur la population en aval qui dépend de l’eau des rivières Pripiat et Dniepr. Bien que ce projet nécessite de grands travaux tels que la construction d’un barrage et l’alignement du cours de la rivière dans la partie la plus contaminée de son cours, aucune étude d’impact radiologique n’est disponible.
Les principes de la CIPR en matière de radioprotection et les conventions d’Aarhus et d’Espoo exigent des études environnementales et radiologiques, une justification du projet et la participation des parties prenantes et du grand public au processus de décision.
La présente étude montre que les travaux de construction pour la partie de la voie navigable E40 qui traverse la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl et passe à proximité de la centrale nucléaire ne sont pas réalisables. L’exposition estimée des travailleurs serait trop élevée pour être acceptée. En outre, le bassin de refroidissement de Tchernobyl, fortement contaminé, et les stockages temporaires de déchets radioactifs dans la plaine d’inondation de la rivière Pripiat n’ont pas encore été démantelés, ce qui empêche tout travail de construction. L’AIEA recommande également une liste d’autres mesures de protection qui restent à mettre en œuvre.
La partie de la voie navigable E40 qui se trouve en amont de la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl serait alors inutile, car sans connexion avec le Dniepr. Cela signifie également que les travaux d’aménagement qui consistent en la construction de plusieurs barrages et l’alignement des méandres de la rivière Pripiat pour accepter les navires de classe V ne sont pas justifiés.
Enfin, la portion de la route E40 allant de la mer Noire au réservoir de Kiev nécessite principalement des travaux de dragage réguliers. L’étude de faisabilité mentionne 68 000 m3 de travaux de dragage par an dans le réservoir de Kiev, qui stocke du césium-137 dans ses sédiments de fond. Une telle activité est contraire aux recommandations de l’AIEA de laisser les sédiments en place car elle augmentera la dose des personnes qui dépendent de l’eau du réservoir de Kiev pour leur approvisionnement en eau et en nourriture.

Chernobyl heritage and the E40 trans-Europe waterway

The E40 international waterway project aims to link the Baltic and Black Seas, from Gdansk to Kherson, via Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. In particular, it should cross the Polesia, the largest wilderness area in Europe, where it is likely to pose a high risk of degradation of natural areas in the Pripiatsky National Park (Прыпяцкі нацыянальны парк). In addition, part of the project includes the development of the Pripiat River, which flows at the foot of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and crosses the Polesie State Radio-Ecological Reserve (Палескі дзяржаўны дзяржаўны радыяцыйна-экалагічны запаведнік) in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, which is heavily contaminated by various radioelements.

It is in this context that ACRO carried out a first radio-ecological assessment of the project on commission of the Frankfurt Zoological Society and the “Save Polesia” partnership.

Conclusions

Chernobyl is the most severe industrial accident in history. More than 30 years later, residual radioactive contamination is such that it forbids living in an extended exclusion zone. Nowadays, the contamination is dominated by cesium-137, strontium-90 and various isotopes of the highly toxic plutonium. Americium-241, the daughter nucleus of plutonium-241, is also highly toxic and has an increasing contribution that is expected to dominate the radiological impact in the future. The general strategy is to wait for the slow radioactive decay and rehabilitation of the Chernobyl exclusion zone remains impossible for decades. Decommissioning of the Chernobyl cooling pond – the most radioactive hot spot – is the only exception. There are also about 90 radioactive waste storage sites in the Chernobyl exclusion zone that remain to be decommissioned.
Beyond the exclusion zone, the daily life of millions of people is still affected by the residual contamination. The whole Pripyat-Dnieper watershed was contaminated by the fallouts and direct transfers to the river. Downstream of the Chernobyl exclusion zone, approximately 8 million Ukrainians drink water from the Dnieper River, and as many as 20 million eat foods irrigated with Dnieper River water. Dominating contaminants are the cesium-137 that tends to be fixed in bottom sediments and the strontium-90 that is continuously transported down to the Black Sea through the Dnieper cascade. Sediments contaminated by cesium-137 have been slowly covered by less contaminated and clean sediments in the bottom of the Kyiv reservoir, offering a natural shield to this pollutant. The IAEA recommends, as an overall strategy, to leave these sediments as is and avoid processes that will lead to their resuspension. For strontium-90 nothing can be done.
Upstream of the Chernobyl exclusion zone, there are zones along the Pripyat river that were contaminated by the radioactive fallouts at the time of the accident. Cesium-137 is the dominating contaminant. The overall strategy there is also to wait for the slow radioactive decay.
The ICRP considers these situations as existing situations for which it recommends an optimisation process intended to recover the exposure levels prevailing before the accident. Protection measures mainly consist in adapting the daily life of the inhabitants of the contaminated territories because individual lifestyles are key drivers of the exposure. This supposes that affected individuals are fully aware of the situation and well informed.
The Aarhus convention also requires that States ensure that environmental information is available in electronic databases which are easily accessible to the public. Presently, this is not the case. It is very difficult to access to data about the radioactive contamination in order to assess the exposure doses.
In such a context, the projected E40 inland waterway, which is supposed to pass nearby the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and go through the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, will necessarily have a radiological impact on both construction and maintenance workers, as well as on the population depending on the water of the Pripyat and Dnieper rivers. Although this project requires heavy works such as dam construction and alignment of the river course in the most contaminated part of its route, no radiological impact study is available.
ICRP principles for radiation protection, Aarhus and Espoo conventions require environmental and radiological studies, a justification of the project and the participation of the stakeholders and the general public in the decision process.
The present study shows that the construction works for the part of the E40 waterway route that crosses the Chernobyl exclusion zone and passes nearby the Chernobyl nuclear power plant are not feasible. The forecasted exposure of the workers would be too high to be accepted. Moreover, the heavily contaminated Chernobyl cooling pond and temporary radioactive waste storages in the floodplain of the Pripyat River have not been decommissioned yet, preventing any construction work. The IAEA also recommends a list of other protective actions that remain to be done.
The portion of the E40 waterway that lies upstream the Chernobyl exclusion zone would then be useless without a connection to the Dnieper river. This also means that development works that consist of several dam construction and alignment of meandering Pripyat river to accept class V vessels are not justified.
Finally, the portion of the E40 route from the Black Sea to the Kyiv reservoir mainly requires regular dredging work. The feasibility study mentions 68 000 m3 of dredging work every year in the Kyiv reservoir, that stocks cesium-137 in its bottom sediments. Such an activity is contrary to the IAEA’s recommendations to leave the sediments in place because it will increase the dose of people who depend on the water from the Kyiv reservoir for their water and food supply.

Наследие Чернобыля и трансъевропейский водный путь Е40

В преддверии годовщины аварии на ЧАЭС опубликовано научное исследование «Наследие Чернобыля и трансъевропейский водный путь Е40», над которым работала независимая команда экспертов совместно с представителями беларусских общественных организаций АПБ и «Багна».

план строительства судоходной трассы длиной более 2000 км, который хотят проложить по Висле, Припяти и Днепру для того, чтобы соединить Балтийское и Чёрное моря для судов. План проекта предполагает строительство обводного канала в Польше, 6-7 плотин и шлюзов на Припяти, углубительные работы по всему маршруту, чтобы по этим рекам могли ходить многотоннажные суда класса «река-море». Инициаторами строительства Е40 выступила коалиция организаций из трёх стран во главе с РУЭСП «Днепро-Бугский водный путь».

Чтобы узнать, как строительство Е40 может повлиять на радиационную ситуацию в регионе, Лаборатория по контролю за радиоактивностью Франции (Association pour le Contrôle de la Radioactivité dans l’Ouest, ACRO) провела независимое экспертное исследование по заказу Франкфуртского зоологического общества (ФЗО).

Дноуглубительные и инфраструктурные работы в Чернобыльской зоне отчуждения, по мнению учёных:

  • поднимут со дна Киевского водохранилища загрязнённые радионуклидами донные отложения, которые Международное агентство по атомной энергии рекомендует не трогать;
  • подвергнут строителей опасным уровням радиации;
  • подвергнут миллионы людей ниже по течению повышенному риску через загрязнённую радионуклидами воду.

Дэвид Бойли, один из авторов исследования, физик-ядерщик и председатель ACRO, отозвался о планах создания E40:

«Принимая во внимание результаты нашего анализа радиоактивности, строительство водного пути E40 через чернобыльскую зону отчуждения не представляется возможным».

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Выводы

Чернобыль – самая крупная промышленная авария в истории человечества. Более 30 лет спустя уровень остаточного радиоактивного загрязнения все еще настолько высок, что запрещает жить в расширенной зоне отчуждения. В настоящее время в загрязнении преобладают цезий-137, стронций-90 и различные изотопы высокотоксичного плутония. Америций-241, дочернее ядро плутония-241, также очень токсичен и оказывает все большее воздействие, которое, как ожидается, будет доминировать среди других элементов в плане радиологического воздействия в будущем. Общая стратегия состоит в том, чтобы ждать медленного радиоактивного распада, при этом восстановление чернобыльской зоны отчуждения остается невозможным в течение десятилетий. Вывод из эксплуатации Чернобыльского пруда-охладителя – наиболее радиоактивной горячей точки – является единственным исключением. В Чернобыльской зоне отчуждения также находится около 90 хранилищ радиоактивных отходов, которые еще предстоит вывести из эксплуатации.

За пределами зоны отчуждения остаточное загрязнение по-прежнему влияет на повседневную жизнь миллионов людей. Весь Припять-Днепровский водораздел был загрязнен осадками и прямыми уносами в реку. Вниз по течению от зоны отчуждения около 8 миллионов украинцев пьют воду непосредственно из Днепра, а до 20 миллионов едят продукты, орошаемые его водой. Доминирующими загрязняющими веществами являются цезий-137, который имеет тенденцию накапливаться в донных отложениях, и стронций-90, который непрерывно переносится в Черное море через Днепровский каскад. Отложения, загрязненные цезием-137, медленно покрывались менее загрязненными и чистыми отложениями на дне Киевского водохранилища, которые создавали естественный «щит». В качестве общей стратегии МАГАТЭ рекомендует оставить эти отложения как есть и избегать процессов, которые приведут к их ресуспендированию. В отношении стронция-90 сделать что-либо невозможно.

Вверх по течению от зоны отчуждения вдоль реки Припять есть зоны, загрязненные радиоактивными осадками во время аварии. Цезий-137 является доминирующим загрязняющим веществом. Общая стратегия также заключается в ожидании медленного радиоактивного распада.

МКРЗ рассматривает это как существующие ситуации, для которых рекомендуется провести процесс оптимизации, предназначенный для восстановления уровней воздействия (облучения), преобладавших до аварии. Меры защиты в основном состоят в адаптации повседневной жизни жителей загрязненных территорий, поскольку индивидуальный образ жизни является ключевым фактором воздействия. Это предполагает, что жители пострадавших территорий полностью осведомлены о ситуации и хорошо проинформированы.

Орхусская конвенция также требует, чтобы государства обеспечивали доступность экологической информации в электронных базах данных, которые были бы легко доступны для общественности. В настоящее время это никак не реализуется. Очень сложно получить доступ к данным о радиоактивном загрязнении, чтобы в должной мере оценить дозы облучения.

В таком контексте разрабатываемый внутренний водный путь E40, который должен проходить рядом с Чернобыльской АЭС и через чернобыльскую зону отчуждения, обязательно окажет радиологическое воздействие как на строителей, так и на ремонтников, а также на население, зависящее в своей хозяйственной деятельности от Припяти и Днепра. Несмотря на то, что в рамках проекта предусмотрено проведение сложных и трудоемких работ, таких как строительство плотины и выравнивание русла реки в наиболее загрязненной части его пути, какие-либо исследования по радиологическому воздействию отсутствуют.

Принципы МКРЗ в области радиационной защиты, Орхусская и Эспоо конвенции требуют наличия экологических и радиологических исследований, обоснования проекта и участия заинтересованных сторон и широкой общественности в процессе принятия тех или иных решений.

Настоящее исследование показывает, что строительные работы для части водного пути E40, которая пересекает чернобыльскую зону отчуждения и проходит рядом с Чернобыльской атомной электростанцией, невозможны. Прогнозируемое радиологические воздействие на работников будет неоправданно высоким. Более того, сильно загрязненный прудохладитель Чернобыльской АЭС и временные хранилища радиоактивных отходов в пойме реки Припять еще не выведены из эксплуатации, что не позволяет проводить рядом с ними какие-либо строительные работы. МАГАТЭ также рекомендует список других защитных мер, которые еще предстоит предпринять.

Часть водного пути E40, находящаяся выше по течению зоны отчуждения, будет бесполезной без соединения с Днепром. Кроме того, работы по строительству нескольких плотин и выравниванию меандрирующей Припяти для приема судов класса V должным образом не обоснованы.

Наконец, участок пути E40 от Черного моря до Киевского водохранилища требует регулярных дноуглубительных работ. В технико-экономическом обосновании упоминается о 68000 м3 дноуглубительных работ в год, их необходимо проводить на Киевском водохранилище, которое хранит большие запасы цезия-137 в своих донных отложениях. Такая деятельность противоречит рекомендациям МАГАТЭ о том, чтобы оставить отложения нетронутыми, поскольку это увеличит дозу воздействия для людей, которые зависят от воды из Киевского водохранилища в своих хозяйственных и пищевых нуждах.

Перевод на русский: АПБ (Ахова птушак Бацькаўшчыны)

©Olga Kaskevich

Protection radiologique des personnes et de l’environnement en cas d’accident nucléaire grave – Radiological Protection of People and the Environment in the Event of a Large Nuclear Accident

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English below

Commentaires de l’ACRO sur le projet de rapport de la CIPR (les références sont à la fin du document, après la section en anglais) :

Un accident nucléaire ne peut pas être réduit à un problème de radioprotection car il a inévitablement des conséquences sociales, environnementales et économiques. La vie quotidienne des populations peut être profondément affectée. Ainsi, la CIPR propose une nouvelle publication sur les accidents graves qui concerne différents aspects de la réponse en prenant en compte tous les impacts. L’ACRO salue cette initiative mais regrette que le rapport soumis à la consultation du public ait des lacunes graves.

Niveaux de référence

Le principal problème concerne les niveaux de référence qui ne sont pas assez protecteurs. Tout d’abord, la CIPR considère « qu’il y a des preuves scientifiques fiables que l’exposition du corps entier à des niveaux supérieurs à 100 mSv peut augmenter la probabilité d’occurrence des cancers de la population exposée. En dessous de 100 mSv, la preuve est moins claire. Par prudence, la Commission suppose, pour toute la radioprotection, que même les faibles doses induisent une petite augmentation du risque » (22). Une telle affirmation ne prend pas en compte tous les résultats de la littérature scientifique. Dans les faits, ce projet de rapport reprend les niveaux de la publication 103 de la CIPR, qui sont les mêmes que ceux de la publication 60 qui remonte à 1990. Ces niveaux sont surtout basés sur le suivi des hibakusha de Hiroshima et Nagasaki (TD86). Il y a de nombreuses études en radiobiologie et en épidémiologie qui suggèrent fortement l’existence d’effets stochastiques en dessous de 100 mSv et que la relation linéaire sans seuil est basée sur des faits et pas seulement « sur une approche précautionneuse de la radioprotection ». Voir, par exemple, les réfs. [LD].

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à réduire les niveaux de référence et les limites qu’elle recommande.

Après un accident nucléaire, la CIPR recommande : « le niveau de référence pour la protection des intervenants après la phase d’urgence nucléaire ne doit pas dépasser 20 mSv par an. Pour les personnes qui vivent dans des zones durablement contaminées après la phase d’urgence, le niveau de référence doit être choisi dans ou sous l’intervalle de 1 à 20 mSv recommandé par la Commission pour ce qui est des situations d’exposition existantes, en prenant en compte la distribution des doses dans la population et la tolérance aux risques dans des situations d’exposition existantes durables. Et, d’une manière générale, il n’est pas nécessaire que le niveau de référence dépasse 10 mSv par an. L’objectif d’optimisation de la protection est une baisse progressive de l’exposition à des niveaux de l’ordre de 1 mSv par an » (j).

Comme cette position étant difficilement compréhensible, la CIPR ajoute : « La Commission considère que des expositions annuelles de l’ordre de 10 mSv durant les premières années du processus de réhabilitation, additionnées à l’exposition durant la phase d’urgence, pourraient conduire à une exposition totale plus grande que 100 mSv dans un temps relativement court pour les personnes affectées. Par conséquent, il n’est pas recommandé de sélectionner des niveaux de référence au-delà de 10 mSv par an quand il est estimé que de telles expositions peuvent durer plusieurs années, une fois que la phase de réhabilitation commence. De plus, l’expérience de Tchernobyl et de Fukushima a montré qu’avec des niveaux d’exposition de l’ordre de 10 mSv par an, il est difficile – étant données les multiples conséquences négatives, sociétales, économiques et environnementales associées à la présence durable d’une contamination radioactive et aux nombreuses restrictions imposées à la vie quotidienne par les actions de protection – de maintenir des conditions de vie, de travail et de production décentes et durables dans les zones affectées » (80).

L’introduction d’un nouveau niveau de référence à 10 mSv/an est bienvenu car le Japon, par exemple, maintient un niveau à 20 mSv/an depuis plus de 8 ans à Fukushima. La réduction progressive des niveaux d’exposition à des niveaux de l’ordre de 1 mSv/an, ou plus bas, n’est pas assez protectrice sans un échéancier. Par contraste, les directives des Etats-Unis requièrent le déplacement quand les personnes peuvent être exposées à 20 mSv ou plus durant la première année, et 5 mSv ou moins à partir de la seconde année. L’objectif à long terme est de maintenir les doses à ou en dessous de 50 mSv en 50 ans. Le guide des mesures de protection en cas de déplacement traite de l’exposition externe après le panache aux matières radioactives déposées et de l’inhalation de matières radioactives remises en suspension qui ont été initialement déposées au sol ou sur d’autres surfaces [USEPA1992, FEMA2013].

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à introduire d’autres niveaux de référence associés à un échéancier précis pour la dose cumulée au cours des années, comme aux Etats-Unis.

Il convient de garder à l’esprit que la population peut déjà avoir été exposée à des doses allant jusqu’à 100 mSv lors de la phase d’urgence.

En ce qui concerne la phase d’urgence, la CIPR déclare : « Pour l’optimisation des actions de protection durant la phase d’urgence, la Commission recommande que les niveaux de référence pour limiter l’exposition des populations affectées et des intervenants ne doit généralement pas dépasser 100 mSv. Cela peut être appliqué sur une période courte et, d’une manière générale ne doit pas dépasser un an » (77). Mais elle explique, plus loin, qu’« une situation d’exposition d’urgence peut être de très courte durée (heures ou jours), ou elle peut se prolonger sur une longue période (semaines, mois ou années) » (85). Une situation d’exposition d’urgence qui requiert des actions « urgentes » ne peut pas durer des mois, voire des années ! Ce n’est pas cohérent avec le niveau de référence de la CIPR pour les situations d’urgence qui ne doit pas dépasser un an. Si cette urgence dure plus d’un an, il n’y a plus de niveau de référence.

Par ailleurs, comme l’explique la CIPR, « pour les décisions prises lors de la phase d’urgence, dans l’éventualité d’un accident nucléaire, surtout dans les premier instants, le besoin d’agir rapidement ne permet pas l’implication des parties prenantes. » (51). Ainsi, l’extension de la situation d’urgence au-delà de durées raisonnables va entraver l’implication des parties prenantes.

Dans le cas de l’accident à la centrale de Fukushima dai-ichi, la CIPR rappelle que « le 22 avril 2011, les territoires situés au-delà de la zone de 20 km pour lesquels il a été estimé que la dose attendue en un an pouvait atteindre 20 mSv ont été désignés comme “zone d’évacuation intentionnelle”. Le gouvernement central a ordonné que la réinstallation des habitants des zones d’évacuation intentionnelle soit effectuée en à peu près un mois. Le critère d’évacuation choisi par le gouvernement a été établi en fonction de l’intervalle de niveaux de référence de 20 à 100 mSv par an pour les situations d’urgence recommandés par la CIPR » (B7). Un ordre d’évacuation issu 42 jours après la déclaration d’urgence avec plus d’un mois pour l’appliquer n’est PAS une évacuation d’urgence ! Les autorités japonaises ont trahi les citoyens en se référant aux situations d’exposition d’urgence.

En conclusion, la phase d’urgence doit être aussi courte que possible sinon les autorités vont se référer à des niveaux de référence les plus élevés et exclure l’implication des parties prenantes. Il est important de noter que, d’un point de vue purement physique, les radioéléments à vie courte dominent l’exposition externe durant un mois et qu’après les éléments à vie plus longue comme le césium radioactif dominent. Il n’est donc pas nécessaire d’étendre la phase d’urgence sur de longues durées.

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à réduire la phase d’urgence à la période la plus courte possible qui ne doit pas dépasser un mois.

Protection des enfants et des femmes enceintes

La CIPR « recommande de porter une attention particulière aux enfants et aux femmes enceintes, pour qui les risques radiologiques peuvent être élevés que pour les autres groupes d’individus. Les activités sociales et économiques stratégiques devraient également faire l’objet de dispositions de protection spécifiques dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du processus d’optimisation. » (65) De fait, les fœtus et les jeunes enfants sont plus sensibles aux radiations que les adultes, mais la plupart des niveaux de référence et limites de doses ont été établis pour des adultes. Les recommandations de la CIPR visant à assurer une meilleure protection sont très décevantes. Elles incluent :

  • « la surveillance de la dose à la thyroïde dans la phase initiale [qui] est importante pour les enfants et les femmes enceintes » (102);
  • « l’administration d’iode stable durant la phase initiale [qui est particulièrement est importante pour les enfants et les femmes enceintes » (130);
  • « le contrôle de la qualité radiologique du lait, qui constitue une part importante de l’alimentation des enfants dans la plupart des pays, [et qui] est particulièrement important pendant la phase initiale d’un accident car il constitue une source potentielle d’exposition de la thyroïde à l’iode radioactif » (134);
  • « Une sous-catégorie de la surveillance sanitaire [qui] est le suivi de sous-groupes potentiellement sensibles (par ex. les enfants, les femmes enceintes) » (198).

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à introduire des limites et des niveaux de référence plus protecteurs pour les femmes enceintes, les bébés et les enfants.

Evacuation et protection des populations

Étonnamment, le résumé analytique du projet de rapport ne mentionne pas les personnes déplacées et leur protection. Plus loin, dans le texte principal, la CIPR affirme que « l’expérience internationale après les accidents nucléaires et non nucléaires montre que les nations et les individus ne sont pas disposés à abandonner facilement les zones touchées » (57), ce qui n’est pas exact. A Fukushima, seulement 23% des personnes qui ont été obligées d’évacuer sont revenues après la levée des ordres d’évacuation. De plus, de nombreuses familles ont évacué seules, sans aucun soutien.

En outre, la CIPR ne prend en compte que la « réinstallation temporaire ». Dans les cas de Tchernobyl et de Fukushima, il existe encore de vastes zones où personne n’est autorisé à revenir et de nombreuses familles sont réinstallées ailleurs définitivement. Pourquoi la CIPR les ignore-t-elle ?

La CIPR semble considérer qu’une fois qu’elles ont quitté les zones contaminées, elles ne sont plus concernées par la radioprotection et ne méritent plus d’être prises en considération. Mais elles ont fui une exposition aux radiations !

Les personnes réinstallées ailleurs et les rapatriés devraient bénéficier de la même considération dans la publication. Les personnes déplacées souffrent de difficultés financières, de discrimination et de mise à l’écart (intimidation dans le cas des enfants). Beaucoup se sentent coupables d’avoir abandonné leur ville natale, ceux qui sont restés et ceux qui sont revenus. Ils ont besoin d’une protection et d’une attention particulières.

L’ébauche de la CIPR ne tient compte que des populations vivant dans des territoires contaminés qui n’ont pas été évacuées ou qui sont revenues. Il convient également de noter que de nombreux rapatriés ne vivent pas chez eux, mais ont été réinstallés dans un nouveau logement dans leur ville natale. Dans certaines villes et certains villages, ils doivent vivre dans un quartier complètement nouveau.

La CIPR note que « la réinstallation temporaire est cependant associée à des troubles psychologiques. Plusieurs études menées après l’accident de Fukushima ont montré une augmentation significative de l’incidence de la dépression et du syndrome de stress post-traumatique chez les résidents relogés de Fukushima » (136). Mais vivre dans des territoires contaminés est aussi associé à des troubles psychologiques et à un stress qui n’est jamais mentionné. Les travaux de terrain menés au Japon indiquent que ce traumatisme est réel [Shinrai2019 et ses références]. L’insistance sur les « troubles psychologiques dus à la réinstallation » cache le traumatisme de ceux qui sont restés, ou sont revenus, et se sentent “piégés” dans cette situation subie.

La seule solution proposée est la diffusion d’une culture radiologique pour apprendre à vivre dans des territoires contaminés avec une exposition aux radiations optimisée afin d’aider les gens à répondre à leurs préoccupations de la vie quotidienne. Cependant, la CIPR ne considère jamais que cela pourrait être un fardeau trop lourd pour beaucoup et que la plupart des familles aimeraient offrir un autre avenir à leurs enfants, sans avoir à vérifier et à évaluer constamment chaque mouvement de leur vie quotidienne.

La CIPR ne mentionne qu’une seule fois que « les individus ont le droit fondamental de décider s’ils veulent ou non rentrer chez eux. Toutes les décisions de rester dans une zone touchée ou de la quitter doivent être respectées et soutenues par les autorités, et des stratégies doivent être élaborées pour la réinstallation de ceux qui ne veulent pas ou ne sont pas autorisés à rentrer dans leur foyer » (158). Cela n’est pas suffisant et devrait être davantage étayé par des conseils pratiques aux autorités.

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à examiner sérieusement la question des populations déplacées et de se référer aux Principes directeurs relatifs au déplacement de personnes à l’intérieur de leur propre pays du Conseil économique et social des Nations Unies [UNESC1998]. Rappelant que « les déplacements engendrent presque toujours de graves souffrances pour les populations touchées », ces Principes directeurs relatifs au déplacement de personnes à l’intérieur de leur propre pays leur offrent des garanties. En particulier, « les autorités compétentes ont le devoir et la responsabilité première d’établir les conditions et de fournir les moyens qui permettent aux personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays de retourner volontairement, en toute sécurité et dignité, dans leurs foyers ou lieux de résidence habituelle, ou de se réinstaller volontairement dans une autre partie du pays. Ces autorités s’efforceront de faciliter la réintégration des personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays qui ont été rapatriées ou réinstallées. » Ils ajoutent que « les personnes déplacées à l’intérieur de leur propre pays ont le droit d’être protégées contre le retour forcé ou la réinstallation dans tout lieu où leur vie, leur sécurité, leur liberté et/ou leur santé seraient en danger » et que « des efforts particuliers devraient être faits pour assurer la pleine participation des personnes déplacées à la planification et à la gestion de leur retour ou de leur réinstallation et réintégration ».

Les personnes vulnérables sont particulièrement exposées en cas d’accident nucléaire grave. La CIPR reconnaît que « dans les mois qui ont suivi l’accident nucléaire de Fukushima, une augmentation générale de la mortalité a été observée (à l’exclusion des décès dus au séisme et au tsunami), notamment chez les personnes âgées. Cette augmentation ne peut être attribuée aux effets directs des rayonnements sur la santé, bien qu’elle soit une conséquence directe de l’accident » (40). En outre, « l’évacuation non planifiée de personnes âgées ou sous surveillance médicale de maisons de repos peut avoir causé plus de mal que de bien à ces personnes » (54). Ainsi, « l’évacuation peut être inappropriée pour certaines populations, comme les patients dans les hôpitaux et les maisons de repos, ainsi que les personnes âgées, si elle n’est pas bien planifiée » (124).

L’ACRO est d’accord avec la CIPR sur ce point, mais considère que l’hébergement prolongé des personnes vulnérables dans les zones exposées devrait être bien préparé. Le personnel doit accepter de prendre soin des patients malgré la situation radiologique.

Confiance et implication des parties prenantes

Dans son projet de rapport, la CIPR explique fréquemment qu’un accident nucléaire génère de la « complexité » ou des « situations complexes » sans expliquer le sens de ces expressions. Voir par exemple le § (15). Sans accident nucléaire, la vie et la société sont déjà complexes. Mais des individus et des groupes ont mis en place des mécanismes fondés sur la confiance pour faire face à une telle complexité. Un accident nucléaire remet en cause cette confiance et les populations touchées sont perdues devant une situation sans précédent. Ainsi, le principal défi pour les autorités est donc de fournir des informations dignes de confiance.

La CIPR mentionne une fois « l’effondrement de la confiance dans les experts et les autorités » (29) et suggère que « les actions de protection devraient contribuer à regagner la confiance de toutes les personnes par rapport à la zone affectée » (66). Mais la confiance doit être conservée plutôt que restaurée !

Les mesures de protection choisies doivent être expliquées et justifiées aux populations touchées. Ensuite, une réévaluation régulière est nécessaire en raison des grandes incertitudes qui sous-tendent le processus de décision précoce. Par conséquent, le processus étape par étape illustré à la figure 2.2 devrait être étendu pour inclure l’explication et la réévaluation. En outre, l’implication des parties prenantes doit être spécifiquement mentionnée ici.

La CIPR explique que « le processus d’optimisation doit reconnaître qu’il y a inévitablement des conflits d’intérêts et chercher à concilier les différences et les besoins des différents groupes. Par exemple, les producteurs de biens, de services et d’aliments souhaiteront poursuivre leur production, mais leur capacité à le faire est affectée par la volonté des consommateurs de recevoir et d’acheter ces articles » (66). Dans sa publication sur les fondements éthiques de la radioprotection, la CIPR a ignoré ces intérêts contradictoires et l’ACRO a considéré dans ses commentaires qu’il s’agissait d’une lacune majeure. Ainsi, l’ACRO est satisfaite de voir qu’ils sont reconnus ici. Cependant, la réponse est décevante : « Les mesures de protection devraient contribuer à regagner la confiance de toutes les personnes en ce qui concerne la zone touchée » (66). C’est tout !

Lorsque la CIPR recommande que « toute décision modifiant une situation d’exposition aux rayonnements devrait faire plus de bien que de mal » (48), tient-elle compte des individus, des groupes, de la nation ? Les intervenants seront exposés pour sauver les autres. La CIPR écrit plus loin : « La responsabilité de juger la justification incombe généralement aux autorités pour assurer un bénéfice global, au sens le plus large, à la société, et donc pas nécessairement à chaque individu » (50). Cette position est en conflit avec le droit à la santé de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme : « Chaque individu personne a droit à un niveau de vie suffisant pour assurer sa santé, son bien-être et ceux de sa famille. »

Anand Grover, Rapporteur spécial du Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU, a noté dans son rapport sur Fukushima : « Les recommandations de la CIPR sont basées sur les principes d’optimisation et de justification, selon lesquels toutes les actions du gouvernement devraient être basées sur la maximisation du bien par rapport au mal. Une telle analyse risques-avantages n’est pas conforme au cadre du droit à la santé, car elle donne la priorité aux intérêts collectifs sur les droits individuels. En vertu du droit à la santé, le droit de chaque individu doit être protégé. En outre, ces décisions, qui ont un impact à long terme sur la santé physique et mentale des personnes, devraient être prises avec leur participation active, directe et effective » [HRC2013].

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à se préoccuper sérieusement des conflits d’intérêts inhérents à ses principes de radioprotection avec la participation sincère parties prenantes.

A long terme, la CIPR encourage le processus de co-expertise et la participation des parties prenantes. L’ACRO soutient également une telle approche. Toutefois, les « dialogues de la CIPR » à Fukushima promus dans le projet de rapport ne sont pas un exemple à suivre, car ils se limitaient aux personnes partageant le point de vue de la CIPR et n’étaient mis en œuvre que dans quelques villes sélectionnées. Les opposants n’ont pas été autorisés à assister aux réunions. De telles réunions ne peuvent que générer des frustrations chez les personnes qui sont exclues ou qui se sentent exclues. Les dialogues devraient être ouverts à toutes les composantes des populations touchées.

Lors des réunions publiques, les participants sont confrontés aux autorités et à leurs experts pour traiter de questions complexes. Les gens ne sont donc pas en mesure de faire valoir leur point de vue, à moins qu’ils ne soient assistés par des experts qu’ils ont eux-mêmes choisis. Après un accident nucléaire grave, les gens sont encore plus vulnérables et ne peuvent pas tenir tête aux autorités. Les participants devraient également être en mesure de forger leur propre point de vue sans la présence des autorités avant d’engager le dialogue avec elles. De plus, le processus de co-expertise présenté dans le projet de rapport ne concerne qu’une minorité de la population qui est prête à lutter pour la récupération et la réhabilitation de la zone contaminée. Il ignore complètement les populations qui préféreraient d’autres solutions comme la réinstallation dans un autre lieu. Ils auraient aussi besoin d’un processus de co-expertise !

Enfin, en ce qui concerne la caractérisation de la situation radiologique, la CIPR écrit : « L’expérience montre que le pluralisme des organisations impliquées dans la mise en œuvre du système de surveillance radiologique (autorités, organismes experts, laboratoires locaux et nationaux, organisations non gouvernementales, instituts privés, universités, acteurs locaux, exploitants nucléaires, etc) est un facteur important en faveur de la confiance des populations envers les mesures » (161). L’ACRO est tout à fait d’accord sur ce point, mais il ne suffit pas d’accumuler des données et le suivi citoyen doit être soutenu financièrement. Les données devraient être facilement accessibles à tous et l’analyse indépendante devrait être soutenue. Les tendances et la modélisation sont également importantes pour un processus décisionnel.

L’ACRO demande à la CIPR à reconsidérer sa recommandation sur le processus de co-expertise et la participation des parties prenantes.

Protection des intervenants

En ce qui concerne les intervenants en situation d’urgence, la CIPR écrit : « Lorsqu’un travailleur professionnellement exposé intervient en tant qu’intervenant, l’exposition reçue pendant l’intervention doit être comptabilisée et enregistrée séparément des expositions reçues pendant les situations d’exposition prévues, et ne doit pas être prise en compte pour le respect des limites de dose professionnelle » (120). Cette recommandation est inacceptable.

Les doses reçues ont le même impact, qu’elles soient prises en situation d’urgence ou lors d’interventions planifiées, et elles se cumulent. A Fukushima, de nombreux intervenants résident en zone contaminée où ils continuent à être exposés, sans que cela soit pris en compte.

L’ACRO exhorte la CIPR à reconsidérer sa position : l’enregistrement des doses reçues par un intervenant doit prendre en compte toutes les situations d’exposition, de garantir le respect d’une valeur limite dose-vie qui ne devrait être pas excéder 500 mSv. La réglementation française retient une limite en dose-vie de 1000 mSv pour les intervenants en situation d’urgence radiologique. ACRO considère que cette dernière limite est trop élevée et qu’en outre elle devrait cumuler toutes les doses reçues en toute situation d’exposition.

Conclusions

Un accident nucléaire grave entraîne des dommages irréversibles mais ne peut être exclu. La CIPR devrait recommander que les efforts les plus importants soient déployés par les exploitants nucléaires pour éviter les accidents et que des autorités de sûreté nucléaire indépendantes imposent les normes les plus élevées. Si ces normes ne peuvent être respectées, la centrale nucléaire devrait être arrêtée.

ACRO’s comments on the ICRP draft report:

A nuclear accident cannot be reduced to a radiation protection problem as it has inevitably social, environmental and economic consequences. The daily life of people can be deeply affected. Thus, the ICRP has drafted a new publication on large accidents that takes into account various aspects of the response considering all impacts. ACRO welcomes this initiative but regrets that the draft submitted to public consultation has severe shortcomings.

Reference levels

The main problem is that reference levels are not protective enough. First of all, ICRP considers that “there is reliable scientific evidence that whole-body exposures on the order of ≥100 mSv can increase the probability of cancer occurring in an exposed population. Below 100 mSv, the evidence is less clear. The Commission prudently assumes, for purposes of radiological protection, that even small doses might result in a slight increase in risk” (22). Such statement does not take into account all the results of the scientific literature. As a matter of facts, this draft report reproduces the levels of the ICRP publication 103, which are the same as in ICRP publication 60 which dates back to 1990. These levels are mainly based on the follow-up of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki hibakushas (TD86). There are many other studies in radiobiology and in epidemiology that strongly suggest the existence of stochastic effects below 100 mSv and that the linear and non-threshold relationship is based on facts and not only “on a precautionary basis for the management of radiation protection.” See for example Refs. [LD].

ACRO urges ICRP to reduce the reference levels and limits it recommends.

After a nuclear disaster, ICRP recommends: “For protection of responders after the urgent emergency response, the reference level should not exceed 20 mSv per year. For people living in long-term contaminated areas following the emergency response, the reference level should be selected within or below the Commission’s recommended band of 1–20 mSv for existing exposure situations, taking into account the actual distribution of doses in the population and the tolerability of risk for the long-lasting existing exposure situations, and there is generally no need for the reference level to exceed 10 mSv per year. The objective of optimisation of protection is a progressive reduction in exposure to levels on the order of 1 mSv per year” (j).

As this statement is hardly understandable, ICRP adds: “The Commission considers that annual exposures of the order of 10 mSv during the first years of the recovery process, added to exposure received during the emergency response, could lead to total exposures greater than 100 mSv in a relatively short period of time for some affected people. Therefore, it is not recommended to select reference levels beyond 10 mSv per year when it is estimated that such exposures could continue for several years, which may be the case once the recovery phase starts. In addition, experience from Chernobyl and Fukushima has shown that for exposure levels of the order of 10 mSv per year, it is difficult – given the multiple societal, economic, and environmental negative consequences associated with the long-lasting presence of contamination, and the numerous restrictions imposed on everyday life by the protective actions – to maintain sustainable and decent living, working, and production conditions in affected areas” (80).

The introduction of a new reference level at 10 mSv/y is welcome since Japan, for example, sticks to 20 mSv/y more than 8 years on in Fukushima. The progressive reduction in exposure to levels on the order of 1 mSv/y or below is not protective enough without a time frame. In contrast, U.S. guidelines require relocation when people may be exposed to 20 mSv or more of radiation in the first year and 5 mSv or below from the second year. The long-term objectives are to keep doses at or below 50 mSv in 50 years. The relocation protective action guide addresses post-plume external exposure to deposited radioactive materials and inhalation of re-suspended radioactive materials that were initially deposited on the ground or other surfaces [USEPA1992, FEMA2013].

ACRO urges ICRP to introduce other reference levels accompanied by specific time frame for the cumulated doses over the years as in the USA.

It is worth reminding that the population may have already been exposed to doses up to 100 mSv during the emergency phase.

Regarding the emergency phase, the ICRP states: “For the optimisation of protective actions during the emergency response, the Commission recommends that the reference level for restricting exposures of the affected population and the emergency responders should generally not exceed 100 mSv. This may be applied for a short period, and should not generally exceed 1 year” (77). But it later explains that “an emergency exposure situation may be of very short duration (hours or days), or it may continue for an extended period of time (weeks, months, or years)” (85). An emergency that requires urgent actions cannot last months or even years! This is not consistent with ICRP’s reference level for emergency should not exceed one year. If the emergency lasts longer, there is no reference level anymore.

Moreover, as explained by ICRP, “for emergency response decisions, in the event of a nuclear accident, especially in the early phase, the need to act quickly is not conducive to stakeholder involvement” (51). Thus, extending emergency beyond reasonable periods of time will hinder stakeholder involvement.

In the case of the accident at the Fukushima dai-ichi nuclear power plant (NPP), the ICRP recalls that “on 22 April 2011, the area outside the 20-km zone for which it was estimated that the projected dose within 1 year of the accident could reach 20 mSv was designated as the ‘deliberate evacuation area’. The national government issued an order that relocation of people from the deliberate evacuation area should be implemented in approximately 1 month. The criterion for relocation was selected by the government with consideration of the 20–100-mSv per year band of reference levels for emergency exposure situations recommended by ICRP” (B7). An evacuation order released 42 days after the emergency declaration with more than a month to comply is NOT an emergency evacuation! Japanese authorities betrayed their citizen by referring to the emergency exposure situation.

As a conclusion, the emergency phase should be as short as possible otherwise authorities will refer to highest reference values and exclude stakeholder involvement. Note that on a purely physical point of view, short-lived radioelements generally dominate the external exposure for a month and then longer-lived nuclei such as radioactive caesium dominate. There is no need to extend the emergency phase to long duration.

ACRO urges ICRP to reduce the emergency phase to the shortest possible period of time that should not exceed a month.

Protection of children and pregnant women

ICRP “recommends paying particular attention to children and pregnant women, for whom radiological risks may be greater than for other groups of individuals. Strategic social and economic activities should also be the subject of specific protection provisions in implementation of the optimisation process.” (65) As a matter of facts, foetus and young children are more sensitive to radiations than adults but most of dose limits and reference levels were derived for adults. ICRP’s recommendations to enforce a better protection are very deceiving. They include:

  • “thyroid dose monitoring in the early phase [that] is important for children and pregnant women.” (102)
  • “administration of stable iodine during the early phase [that] is particularly important for pregnant women and children.” (130)
  • “control of the radiological quality of milk, which is an important part of the diet of children in most countries, [that] is particularly important during the early phase of an accident because it is a potential source of thyroid exposure from radioactive iodine.” (134)
  • “A subcategory of health monitoring [that] is the follow-up of potentially sensitive subgroups (e.g. children, pregnant women);” (198)

ACRO urges ICRP to introduce more protective limits and reference levels for pregnant women, infants and children.

Evacuation and protection of populations

Surprisingly, the executive summary of the draft report does not mention displaced people and their protection. Later, in the main text ICRP claims that “worldwide experience after nuclear and non-nuclear accidents shows that nations and individuals are not willing to readily abandon affected areas” (57), which is not correct. In Fukushima, only 23% of the people who were forced to evacuate have returned after the evacuation orders were lifted. In addition, many families evacuated on their own, without any support.

Moreover, ICRP only considers “temporally relocation”. In both Chernobyl and Fukushima cases, there are still vast zones where nobody is allowed to come back and many families are permanently relocated. Why are they ignored by the ICRP?

ICRP might consider that once they left the contaminated areas, they are not concerned by radiation protection anymore and they do not deserve to be considered. But they escaped radiation exposure!

Relocated people and returnees should benefit from the same consideration in the publication. Relocated people are suffering from financial difficulty, discrimination and marginalisation (bullying in case of children). Many feel guilty to have abandoned their hometown, those who remained and those who returned. They need special protection and consideration.

ICRP’s draft only considers populations living in contaminated territories who did not evacuate or who returned. Note also that many returnees do not live in their home but have been relocated in a new dwelling in their hometown. In some towns and villages, they have to live in a completely new district.

ICRP notes that “temporary relocation is, however, associated with psychological effects. Several studies carried out after the Fukushima accident showed significant increases in the incidence of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among relocated residents of Fukushima Prefecture” (136). But living in contaminated territories is also associated with psychological effects and stress that is never mentioned. Field work conducted in Japan indicates that this trauma is real [Shinrai2019 and references therein]. The insistence on the “psychological effects of relocation” hides the trauma of those who stayed, or returned, and feel “trapped” in this unchosen situation.

The only suggested solution is the dissemination of radiological culture to learn how to live in contaminated territories with an optimised radiation exposure to help people to address their daily life concerns. However, ICRP never considers that this could be a too heavy burden for many and that most families would like to offer another future to their children, free from a burden of constant checking and assessment of every move of their daily lives.

ICRP mentions only once that “individuals have a basic right to decide whether or not to return. All decisions about whether to remain in or leave an affected area should be respected and supported by the authorities, and strategies should be developed for resettlement of those who either do not want or are not permitted to move back to their homes” (158). This is not enough and should be more substantiated by practical advices to the authorities.

ACRO urges ICRP to seriously consider displaced populations and refer to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement of the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council [UNESC1998]. Recalling that “displacement nearly always generates conditions of severe hardship and suffering for the affected populations”, these Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement provide them guaranties. In particular, “competent authorities have the primary duty and responsibility to establish conditions, as well as provide the means, which allow internally displaced persons to return voluntarily, in safety and with dignity, to their homes or places of habitual residence, or to resettle voluntarily in another part of the country. Such authorities shall endeavour to facilitate the reintegration of returned or resettled internally displaced persons.” They add that “internally displaced persons have the right to be protected against forcible return to or resettlement in any place where their life, safety, liberty and/or health would be at risk” and that “special efforts should be made to ensure the full participation of internally displaced persons in the planning and management of their return or resettlement and reintegration”.

Vulnerable people are particularly at risk in case of a severe nuclear accident. ICRP acknowledges that “during the months following the Fukushima nuclear accident, a general increase in mortality was observed (excluding deaths due to the earthquake and tsunami), especially among elderly people. This increase cannot be attributed to the direct health effects of radiation, although it is a direct consequence of the accident” (40). Also, “the unplanned evacuation of elderly or medically-supervised people from nursing homes may have caused more harm than good for these people” (54). Thus, “evacuation can be inappropriate for certain populations, such as patients in hospitals and nursing homes, as well as elderly people, if it is not well planned” (124).

ACRO agrees with ICRP on this point, but considers that extended sheltering of vulnerable people in exposed areas should be well prepared. Staff should agree to take care of patients in spite of the radiological situation.

Confidence and stakeholder’s involvement

In its draft report, ICRP frequently explains that a nuclear accident generates “complexity” or “complex situations” without explaining what does such expressions mean. See e.g. § (15). Without nuclear accident, life and society are already complex. But individuals and groups have built up mechanisms to face such complexity based on trust. A nuclear accident challenges this confidence and affected population are lost in front an unprecedented situation. Thus, the main challenge for authorities is to deliver trustworthy information.

ICRP mentions once “a collapse of trust in experts and authorities” (29) and suggests that “protective actions should contribute to regaining the confidence of all people in relation to the affected area” (66). But confidence should be kept rather than restored!

The selected protective actions should be explained and justified to the affected populations. Then, regular reassessment is necessary knowing the large uncertainties underlying the early decision process. Thus, the step-by-step process shown in Fig. 2.2 should be extended to include explanation and re-evaluation. Furthermore, stakeholder involvement should be specifically mentioned here.

ICRP explains that “the optimisation process must recognise that there are inevitable conflicting interests, and seek to reconcile the differences and needs of various groups. For example, producers of goods, services, and food will wish to continue production, but their ability to do so is affected by the willingness of consumers to receive and purchase these items” (66). In its publication on Ethical Foundations of Radiological Protection, ICRP ignored these conflicting interests and ACRO considered in its comments that it was a major shortcoming. Thus, ACRO is satisfied to see that they are acknowledged here. However, the response is disappointing: “protective actions should contribute to regaining the confidence of all people in relation to the affected area” (66). That’s all!

When ICRP recommends that “any decision altering a radiation exposure situation should do more good than harm” (48) does it consider individuals, groups, the nation? Responders will be exposed to save others. ICRP further writes: “Responsibility for judging justification usually falls on the authorities to ensure an overall benefit, in the broadest sense, to society, and thus not necessarily to each individual” (50). This position is in conflict with the right to health of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family”.

Anand Grover, Special Rapporteur to UN Human Rights Council, noted in his report on Fukushima: “ICRP recommendations are based on the principles of optimisation and justification, according to which all actions of the Government should be based on maximizing good over harm. Such a risk-benefit analysis is not in consonance with the right to health framework, as it gives precedence to collective interests over individual rights. Under the right to health, the right of every individual has to be protected. Moreover, such decisions, which have a long-term impact on the physical and mental health of people, should be taken with their active, direct and effective participation” [HRC2013].

ACRO urges ICRP to seriously address the conflicts of interest inherent to its radiation protection principles with a sincere involvement of stakeholder.

On the long term, ICRP promotes co-expertise process and stakeholder involvement. ACRO also supports such an approach. However, “ICRP dialogues” in Fukushima promoted in the draft report are not an example to follow as they were limited to people agreeing with ICRP’s point of view and only implemented in very few selected towns. Opponents were not allowed to attend the meetings. Such meetings can only generate frustrations to the people who are excluded or feel excluded. Dialogues should be open to all component of the affected populations.

At public meetings, participants are confronted with authorities and their experts to deal with complex issues. People are therefore not in a position to make their views considered, unless they are assisted by experts they have chosen themselves. After a severe nuclear accident, people are even more vulnerable and cannot stand up to the authorities. Participants should also be able to forge their own point of view without authorities before engaging dialogue with authorities. Moreover, the co-expertise process presented in the draft report is only for a minority of the population that is ready to fight for recovery and rehabilitation of the contaminated zone. It completely ignores populations who would prefer other solutions such as relocation. They would also need a co-expertise process!

Finally, regarding the characterisation of the radiological situation, ICRP writes: “Experience shows that the pluralism of organisations involved in implementation of the radiation monitoring system (authorities, expert bodies, local and national laboratories, non-governmental organisations, private institutes, universities, local stakeholders, nuclear operators, etc.) is an important factor in favour of confidence in the measurements among the affected population” (161). ACRO fully agrees with this, but accumulating data is not enough and citizen monitoring should be supported financially. Data should be easily accessible to anybody and independent analysis should be supported. Trends and modelling are also important for a decision process.

ACRO urges ICRP to reconsider its recommendation on the co-expertise process and stakeholder involvement.

Protection of the responders

Regarding the emergency responders, ICRP writes: “When an occupationally exposed worker is involved as a responder, the exposure received during the response should be accounted for and recorded separately from exposures received during planned exposure situations, and not taken into account for compliance with occupational dose limits” (120). This recommendation is not acceptable.

Exposure doses have the same impact, whether taken in an emergency situation or during planned interventions, and they are cumulative. In Fukushima, many workers are residing in contaminated areas where they continue to be exposed. These additional doses are not taken into account.

ACRO urges ICRP to reconsider its position: recording of doses received by responders must take into account all exposure situations, to ensure compliance with a dose-life limit value that should not exceed 500 mSv. French regulations set a life-dose limit of 1000 mSv for responders in a radiological emergency situation. ACRO considers that this latter limit is too high and that, in addition, it should include all doses received in any exposure situation.

Conclusions

A severe nuclear accident induces irreversible damages but cannot be ruled out. ICRP should recommend that upmost efforts are done by nuclear operators to avoid accidents and that independent nuclear safety authorities enforce the highest standard. If such standards cannot be fulfilled, the nuclear plant should be phased out.

References – Références

[FEMA2013] Federal Emergency Management Agency, Program Manual – Radiological Emergency Preparedness, June 2013
http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1917-25045-9774/2013_rep_program_manual__final2_.pdf

[HRC2013] Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Anand Grover, Mission to Japan (15 – 26 November 2012), 2 May 2013 (A/HRC/23/41/Add.3)
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A-HRC-23-41-Add3_en.pdf

[LD] Some scientific publications related to the stochastic impact of low doses of radiation:

  • Zhou H. et al. Radiation risk to low fluences of α particles may be greater than we thought. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(25): 14410–14415
  • Rothkamm K. et al. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low X-ray doses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(9): 5057–5062
  • Mancuso M. et al. Oncogenic bystander radiation effects in Patched heterozygous mouse cerebellum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2008) 105(34): 12445–12450
  • Löbrich M. et al. In vivo formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks after computed tomography examinations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2005) 102(25): 8984–8989
  • Beels L. et al. Dose-length product of scanners correlates with DNA damage in patients undergoing contrast CT. Eur. J. of Radiol. (2012) 81: 1495–1499
  • Brenner DJ. Et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(24): 13761–137662
  • Watanabe T. et al. Hiroshima survivors exposed to very low doses of A-bomb primary radiation showed a high risk for cancers. Environ. Health Prev. Med. (2008) 13(5): 264-70
  • Ozaka K. et al. Studies of the Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors, Report 14, 1950–2003: An Overview of Cancer and Noncancer Diseases. Rad. Res. (2012) 177: 229-243
  • Pearce M.S. et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (2012) 380(9840):499-505.
  • Mathews J.D. Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ. (2013) 346:f2360
  • Bollaerts K. et al. Childhood leukaemia near nuclear sites in Belgium, 2002–2008. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. (2018) 27(2): 184-191
  • Hsieh WH. et al. 30 years follow-up and increased risks of breast cancer and leukaemia after long-term low-dose-rate radiation exposure. Br. J. Cancer (2017) 117(12): 1883-1887
  • Spycher B.D. et al. Background Ionizing Radiation and the Risk of Childhood Cancer: A Census-Based Nationwide Cohort Study. Environ. Health Perpect. (2015) 123(6): 622-628
  • Kendall G.M. et al. A record-based case–control study of natural background radiation and the incidence of childhood leukaemia and other cancers in Great Britain during 1980–2006. Leukemia (2013) 27(1):3-9.
  • Richardson DB. et al. Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS). BMJ (2015) 351: h5359.
  • Little MP. et al. Leukaemia and myeloid malignancy among people exposed to low doses (<100 mSv) of ionising radiation during childhood: a pooled analysis of nine historical cohort studies. Lancet Haematol. (2018) 5(8): 346-e358.
  • NCRP Commentary No. 27: Implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear-nonthreshold model and radiation protection. NCRP 2018.

[SHINRAI2019] Christine Fassert and Reiko Hasegawa, Shinrai research Project: The 3/11 accident and its social consequences – Case studies from Fukushima prefecture, Rapport IRSN/2019/00178
https://www.irsn.fr/FR/connaissances/Installations_nucleaires/Les-accidents-nucleaires/accident-fukushima-2011/fukushima-2019/Documents/IRSN-Report-2019-00178_Shinrai-Research-Project_032019.pdf

[UNESC1998] United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights 1998, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, 11th February 1998
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IDPersons/Pages/Standards.aspx

[USEPA1992] United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs, Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents, Revised 1991, second printing, May 1992. EPA-400-R-92-001.
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/er/400-r-92-001.pdf

Sécurité des réacteurs nucléaires et des piscines de combustible – Security of nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools

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English below

L’ACRO a contribué au rapport de Greenpeace sur la sécurité des installations nucléaires face aux actes de malveillance. Pour des raisons évidentes, le rapport complet n’est pas public et n’a été remis qu’aux autorités compétentes. En revanche, un résumé est disponible :

Voir aussi la dépêche AFP reprise par Romandie.

ACRO contributed to Greenpeace’s report on the security of nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools. For obvious reasons, the full report is not public. Nevertheless, here is an executive summary:

Ontario is not ready to face a large-scale nuclear accident

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Les autorités de l’Ontario ont soumis à la consultation du public la révision de leur plan d’urgence nucléaire (lien en français, lien en anglais). L’ACRO a envoyé l’analyse ci-dessous qui montre que la province n’est pas prête à faire face à un accident grave.

Cette étude fait suite à celles similaires déjà menées en

Fukushima five years later: back to normal?

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Analysis commissioned by Greenpeace Belgium

Full report

Summary

The nuclear disaster at the Fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP), ranked at Level 7 of the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), which is the highest level, is widely recognized as man-made. It contaminated a vast territory in Japan and was responsible of the displacement of about 160 000 persons according to official statistics. Contaminated territories that were not evacuated are also strongly affected by the disaster.

The crippled reactors are still discharging radioelements into the environment. Anomalous discharges were hidden for several months, generating to a lot of confusion. Sloppy behaviours led to significant contamination by radioactive dust tens of kilometres away from the plant. TEPCo has difficulties to curb down the radioactive leaks into the ocean and tainted water piles up in tanks without any solution in sight.

TEPCo has yet to fully stabilize the power station and its priority is still to reduce the threat. Dismantling has not started yet. While communities around the station were evacuated due to the long-going contamination, and many fear radioactive emissions could resume in the event of another natural disaster. They wonder if it is safe to come back when the evacuation order is lifted. Actually, the crippled reactors at FDNPP are more fragile than usual reactors, and their containment vessels are leaking. They might not be able to sustain an earthquake or a tsunami, which would lead to a new massive release of radioelements.

Evacuees

Many people were forced to evacuate during emergency phase followed by others during the first months of the disaster due to the radioactive contamination. Many others evacuated on their own in order to protect their children or themselves. Five years later most of them remain evacuated and hardly imagine their future.

The total number of evacuees related to the nuclear disaster is not well known. Nevertheless, about 160 000 people fled from contaminated territories according to official statistics. Five years later, the number of nuclear displaced persons is still about 100 000 as evacuation orders have only been lifted in three places. Evacuees who resettled are not counted anymore although they might be still suffering.

Behind these figures, there are individuals whose life was disrupted. Major nuclear disasters are firstly human disasters leading to the displacement of many people who lose everything from dwellings, family life, social relationship and future. Displacement generates conditions of severe hardship and suffering for the affected populations, but it could be avoided. Non-evacuated people in contaminated territories worry for their health and future and their daily life is also severely affected.

To decide about the fate of evacuees, Japanese authorities have divided the evacuated territories into three zones depending on the airborne dose rate: Areas where the annual integral dose of radiation is expected to be 20 mSv or more within five years and the current integral dose of radiation per year is 50 mSv or more are classified as difficult-to-return zones. Evacuation orders will not be lifted before several years and residents’ relocation is supported. Areas where it is confirmed that the annual integral dose of radiation will definitely be 20 mSv or less are classified as areas to which evacuation order is ready to be lifted. In between, with an annual external dose ranging from 20 to 50 mSv, the residents are not permitted to live, but decontamination is expected to reduce the annual dose below 20 mSv.

Radiation protection

Both evacuation and return policies are based on a lax interpretation of the international recommendations that not very binding. 20 mSv per year corresponds to the highest value of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference interval in case of existing situation that includes post-accident. ICRP recommends lowering with time the reference level to 1 mSv per year. Consequently, Japanese authorities have adopted this value as a long-term target, without a precise agenda for compliance. At the moment authorities stick to the 20 mSv reference level that is considered as too high by many Japanese.

Regarding the food contamination, the strategy was completely different: maximum allowed concentrations were fixed below international standards to promote the recovery of consumers’ confidence and food production in contaminated territories.

Contrast between the protection against external exposure and internal exposure through food intake is shocking. In the first case Japanese authorities refuse to lower the reference levels that are kept at the highest value of the international recommendations whereas in the second case maximum allowed values were divided by a factor 5 after a year.

Such a contrast shows that the primary concern of Japanese government is the economical consequences of the nuclear disaster. Contamination limits in food were lowered to regain the confidence of consumers who avoid products from Fukushima. On the contrary compensation of the evacuated people represents a heavy economical burden and authorities do not propose any other solution than the return of displaced persons.

To win the citizens’ understanding, authorities keep claiming that radiation-induced cancer does not occur, or is undetectable even if it occurs, under the integrated exposure dose of 100 mSv although international recommendations on protection against radiations are based on the central assumption of a no-threshold linear dose–response relationship for the induction of cancer and heritable effects. And with a limit of 20mSv per year, 100 mSv might be quickly reached.

Consequently, Japanese authorities have changed their policy and introduced a new way of measuring the dose. Evacuation policy was based on the airborne dose rate that can be easily measured by various methods, including simple radiameters. Then, to estimate the annual dose, it is supposed that individuals spend 8 hours per day outdoors and that indoors, exposure is reduced by 60%. For the return, authorities will provide an individual dosimeter or glass-badge to register each individual cumulative dose, without mentioning that this apparatus gives an overall value that is 30 to 40% lower from what can be deduced with an apparatus measuring airborne dose rate.

This new policy is also a change of paradigm: Individuals will be in charge of their own protection against radiations. On the contrary to nuclear workers who are supposed to be well controlled, nobody controls if the population wear such individual dosimeters. This is crucially problematic for children who are more sensitive to radiations. Continuously controlling one’s life is a heavy burden that is hardly accepted, especially when there are children for which it is not a bright future to propose.

30 years after the Chernobyl disaster, international radiological protection rules and practices are not adapted for populations living in contaminated territories. They are extremely confusing and impossible to enforce, allowing authorities to adapt rules to their own advantage rather than the affected populations. Rule should be binding in terms of limits, temporal evolution and operational quantities.

Food contamination

Regarding the food issue, Japanese authorities initially failed to foresee the scale of problems with contaminated food and crops, and were repeatedly caught by surprise in the following months. As a consequence, many people’s trust in the government was eroded and the population concerned about food safety reconsidered their relationship to the state and to the food.

But citizens, famers, producers, retailers and consumers have been monitoring food production forcing authorities to introduce systematic controls. Situation has quickly improved and except for wild plants and animals, including fishes and self-production, contamination of the food found on the market remains low. Internal contamination of children checked by whole body counting is also low enough to consider that external dose is the dominating problem for residents in contaminated territories. This success has a cost: many farmers cannot resume farming and some traditional productions might disappear.

The food issue shows the merit of an open process in which every one can check the contamination and adapt its diet to its own requirement. Nevertheless consumers are still reluctant to buy food produced in contaminated territories and producers, including farmers, fishermen and foresters are still suffering five years later.

Government’s policy was focused on food safety (anzen in Japanese), but it did not address how to generate a climate of trustworthiness (anshin in Japanese) about food. Enforcing technical standards alone is not sufficient to overcome consumer mistrust. The challenge is to bring together food safety and the peace of mind that comes with it.

What future for evacuated territories?

Japanese government decided to withdraw evacuation orders by March 2017 and stop compensations by March 2018, except in the so-called difficult-to-return zones. Even J-Village, a former training centre for football, changed into a base for the workers at the FDNPP will turn back to sports before the 2020 Olympic games.

As a matter of fact, Japanese authorities dream of a reversible disaster while international recommendations on post-accident management only focus on the return to normalcy. With a half-life of 30 years, caesium-137 decays too slowly. Japanese government has launched a huge decontamination programme in both non-evacuated and evacuated territories where the annual dose is higher than 1 mSv, except for the difficult-to-return areas. It consists on scrapping the soil, cutting the grass, trees, bushes and washing to roof of dwellings, roads, and sidewalks… in the vicinity of dwellings and other buildings, changing villages and towns into oasis in the middle of a vast contaminated land. In evacuated territories, decontamination plans covers about 24 800 ha and there are no such plans for the surrounding land, including forests and mountains that cover about 70% of Fukushima prefecture.

Decontamination is not very effective and generates huge amount of waste for which all proposed solutions failed because of the opposition of the populations. Actually, handling radioactive waste is a difficult issue in all countries that have accumulated significant amounts. But after a severe nuclear accident, it is even more difficult and volumes are enormous. 20 millions cubic meters are expected in Fukushima prefecture and the projected storage centre will cover 16 km2. Projects are stalled in Fukushima and other prefectures, but authorities stick to their authoritative attitude that is a complete failure: Decide – Announce – Defend (DAD). In the mean time waste is piling up in bags that are quickly damaging.

Decontamination proved to be deceiving as dose rates have not significantly fallen compared to what can be observed in the forest. Nevertheless authorities keep encouraging inhabitants to come back.

Residents are reluctant to come back

So far, evacuation orders were lifted in parts of Tamura and Kawauchi in 2014, and in Naraha in 2015. All these areas lie within the less contaminated parts of the 20 km evacuation zone. Evacuation recommendations around scattered hot-spots are also completely lifted. But residents are reluctant to come back and contaminated areas are facing aging and depopulation problems.

The town of Hirono, which lies between 20 and 30 km from the FDNPP, was included in the emergency evacuation preparation zone. Residents are expected to return, but according to the latest census in 2015, large portion of the present population is involved in nuclear reactor decommissioning work: the male population is up 2.3% from 2010 whereas the female population, on the other hand, was down 42.3%. In Minami-Soma, the population declined to 66% of that prior to the accident and the average resident age increased by 14 years, a level that was expected in 2025.

Facts prove that return to normalcy is impossible after a large-scale nuclear disaster such as the ones that occurred at Chernobyl and Fukushima. United Nations’ guidelines on internally displaced persons urge authorities to ensure the full participation of internally displaced persons in the planning and management of their return or resettlement and reintegration. But in Japan their participation is reduced to “explanation meetings” (setsumeikai) usually organized behind closed doors without any presence of media, NGOs, legal or independent experts and thus leaving evacuees with little recourse.

Affected communities see no end to the severe hardship they are facing and are suffering. To stay or to flee, to come back or to relocate are difficult choices in a no-win situation. Number of people suffering from psychological disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder is larger than usual among both evacuated and non-evacuated people. The number of suicides related to the disasters is larger in Fukushima than in Miyagi or Iwate that were hit by the tsunami.

Conclusions

The impact of the accident still continues, and responses that can be accepted by the affected populations are urgently required. Residents in the affected areas are still struggling to recover from the effects of the accident. They continue to face grave concerns, including the health effects of radiation exposure, the dissolution of families, disruption of their lives, and the environmental contamination of vast areas of land. As nuclear disasters last for decades affected population see no end to the severe hardship they are facing.

After a nuclear disaster, many residents distrust authorities and official experts that failed to protect them. But recovery paths require a good coordination between authorities and the populations. Solutions cannot ignore the specific needs and demands of the affected populations, as well as their suggestions. This means new ways for deliberation and decision. Solutions might differ from families or communities. There is no good solution and each decision should be evaluated and then adapted. Beyond the pain of the affected persons, a nuclear disaster also shakes the ground of democracy.

Japanese citizens have proved to be resourceful about the measurement of radioactivity. Citizen mapping of the contamination was done all over and food monitoring prompted authorities, producers, and retailers to strengthen their controls and finally led to a decrease of intake of radioelements. Why such an open process that proved to be effective is not possible when deciding about the fate of contaminated territories and affected population?

Results of ACRO’s monitoring in Japan

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(6th of march 2013 update)

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After the nuclear disaster of Fukushima, ACRO has extended its Citizen Watch of Radioactivity in the Environment to Japan.

We have received samples from the Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures that show an alarming contamination.

MARCH 2011:
• Soil and water were collected by Japanese citizens on the 31st of March 2011.

APRIL 2011:
• Vegetables and mushrooms taken on the 2nd of April in the Sendai area by French journalists.
• Vegetables bought on the 22st of April in a supermarket in Osaka.
• Analysis of the soil in various locations in Japan (12-18th april 2011)
• Seawater collected on the 16th of april in Soma (Fukushima prefecture)

MAY 2011:
• Seaweeds collected by Greenpeace International (05-09th May 2011)
• Grass collected in Ishikawa Prefecture (14th of May 2011)
• Soil, vegetables and water of the South of Miyagi Prefecture (14 – 18th of May 2011)
• Surrounding of the sludge incineration plant of Tokyo, Koutou-ku (22-25th May 2011)
• Soil from the surroundings of Tokyo (15-17th of May 2011)
• Urines of children living in Fukushima town (19-21st of May 2011)

JUNE 2011:
• Soils and pasture from Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures (5th of May 2011 – 4th of July 2011)
• Tap water from Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures (8th of June 2011 – 19th of June 2011)
• Vegetables from Fukushima-city (18th of June 2011 – 20th of June 2011)

JULY 2011:
• Vegetables and milk from Fukushima-city and Miyagi (3rd of July 2011 – 5th of July 2011)
• Fishes collected by Greenpeace (23rd of May and 23rd – 24th of July 2011)
• Follow up of radioactivity monitoring and new analysis of urines of children (July 2011)
• Soils from the Hokkaido, Kanagawa, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures (28th of June – 31st of July 2011)
• Potatoes from the Fukushima prefecture (July 2011)

AUGUST 2011:
• Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku provided by Greenpeace (19th of August – 22nd of August 2011)

SEPTEMBER 2011:
• Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku provided by Greenpeace (13th of September – 14th of September 2011)
• Samples from Fukushima Pref. (September 2011)

OCTOBER 2011:
• Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku provided by Greenpeace (12th of October – 13th of October 2011)

NOVEMBER 2011:
• Urines and dust from vacuum cleaners (September – November 2011)
• Study on mushrooms from Kawamata, Fukuhima Pref. (November 2011)

DECEMBER 2011:
• Fish and oysters from Tohoku (November – December 2011)

JANUARY 2012:
• Food from Ichinoseki in Iwate Pref. (May 2011 – January 2012)
• House dust collected by vacuum cleaners in the Tohoku area (January 2012)

FEBRUARY 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (February 2012)

MARCH 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (March 2012)

APRIL 2012:
• Foodstuffs from Japan (July 2011 – April 2012)
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (April 2012)

MAY 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (May 2012)
• Water and soils from various prefectures of Japan (February 2011 – May 2012)

JUNE 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (June 2012)
• Atmospheric deposition around the incinerator of Fuji – Shizuoka Pref. (June 2012) New
• Analysis of a cyanobacteria wipe from Minami Soma, Fukushima Pref. (June 2012) New

JULY 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (July 2012) New

AUGUST 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (August 2012) New

SEPTEMBER 2012:
• Foodstuffs from Japan (September 2012) New
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (September 2012) New

OCTOBER 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (October 2012) New

NOVEMBER 2012:
• Urine from various prefectures of Japan (November 2012) New
• House dust collected by vacuum cleaners from various prefectures (November 2012) New

DECEMBER 2012:
• Urine from Fukushima prefecture (December 2012) New

JANUARY 2013:
• Dietary Supplement – Coral Calcium from Okinawa island (January 2013) New
• Urine from Miyagi prefecture (January 2013) New
See data below

ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES : ACRO’s RESULTS

Comments :

The contamination is very large and comparable to the environment of Chernobyl.
The Maeda field of Iitate-mura is the most contaminated place.
Iodine contamination is the largest and it is better to evacuate the population.
On the long time range, cesium 137 is the most worrying element because it has a half-life of 30 years.

Regarding the results expressed in Bq/kg of soil, most of them are higher than the limit fixed by the Japanese authorities at 5 000 Bq/kg for agriculture. Rice cannot be cultivated.

The data expressed in Bq/m² can be compared to the definition of the zones in Byelorussia after the Chernobyl disaster (law of 1991) :
185 000 – 555 000 Bq/m²: migration allowed
555 000 – 1 480 000 Bq/m²: right to rehousing

Most of the results are higher than one of these limits.

– Read the press release in French (11th of April 2011)
– Download the analysis report for the first samples

tab_en_camp_1_sols_kg

tab_en_camp_1_sols_m2

tab_en_camp_1_eaux

(↑)

FOOD PRODUCTS : ACRO’s RESULTS

Comments :

The results show that the four samples collected in the Sendai area (80 km from Fukushima dai-ichi) are tainted with artificial radionuclides released from the crippled NPP.

Densities of cesium 137 measured in the vegetables (Chinese cabbage, komatsuna and tsubomina) are above the limits set by Japanese authorities (500 Bq/kg). These vegetables should not be eaten.

tab_res_leg_en
(↑)

VEGETABLES BOUGHT IN A SUPERMARKET IN OSAKA : ACRO’s RESULTS

tab_en_leg_3
ND: Not Detected

(↑)

 

ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN JAPAN (12-18th APRIL 2011) : ACRO’s RESULTS

Comments :

ACRO has analyzed samples collected in various locations in Japan by Japanese citizens. Except for Kobe, all these samples are contaminated by numerous radioelements coming from the fallouts of Fukushima.
The large densities in the straw are due to the fact that straw is light: the same amount of pollution falling on a square meter gives a contamination per kilogram far larger with straw than with soil.
The previous analysis that we did on soil samples coming from Fukushima prefecture showed that iodine 131 was dominating. But this element has a quite short half-life (8 days) and disappears relatively quickly: the densities measured this time are lower than the ones for caesium.
The tellurium 129m decays into iodine 129 that has a very long half-life: 16 millions years. This element should be carefully monitored in the surrounding the nuclear power plant.
A mid-term, caesium 137 will be the most problematic element: the densities measured are all below the limit of 5 000 becquerels per kilogram fixed by the Japanese authorities for the culture of rice.
If we calculated the contamination of the caesium 137 in becquerels per square meters, all the values in Fukushima prefecture are higher that the limit of 185 000 becquerels per square meter that gives right to migration in Byelorussia.
The contamination in the Miyagi prefecture is also quite large, confirming the large contaminations of the vegetables that we measured in this prefecture.

tab_en_sols_camp3_mass

tab_en_sols_camp3_surf

(↑)


 SEAWATER COLLECTED ON THE 16th OF APRIL IN SOMA (FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE) : ACRO’s RESULTS

Comments :

Normally, one should not be able to measure any contamination of the seawater.
Radioelements found in Soma, located at more than 40 km to the North of the power plant, come from the Fukushima plant. This pollution has the properties to accumulate in the marine life.
For example, iodine densities in seaweeds can be 1 000 to 10 000 times larger in the seawater. This factor ranges from 10 to 100 in fish and shellfish. Caesium can be 10 to 400 times more concentrated, depending on the species.

tab_en_eaumer_camp3

(↑)

SEAWEEDS COLLECTED BY GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL (05-09th may 2011) : ACRO’s RESULTS

Greenpeace press release here
Download the analysis report in English
Complete Greenpeace marine monitoring results

The seaweeds collected by Greenpeace International up to 80 km South of the Fukushima NPP are all but one contaminated with an alarming level.

The concentration of iodine-131 far exceeds the limit of 2000 Bq/kg set by the Japanese Government.

Contamination of cesium 134 and 137 is also significant and allways exceeds the limit of 500 Bq/kg set by the Japanese authorities.

The algae were harvested nearly a month after plugging the leak of reactor No. 2 that massively contaminated the sea. This shows that, contrary to what had been announced, the pollution persists.

If seaweeds are contaminated to such levels, sea water must be contaminated too. But the analysis done by the Japanese authorities should be more stringent: below the detection limit of 4 Bq/l for iodine 131, 6 Bq / L for cesium 134 and 9 Bq / l for cesium 137, it is said “undetectable”. It is necessary to have lower limits, because marine life tends to concentrate the pollution. Pollution of iodine can be 1000 times higher in algae than in water.

tab_res_alg_gp_en

(↑)

Grass collected in Ishikawa Prefecture (14th of May 2011)

110621 herb en
(↑)

Soil, vegetables and water of the South of Miyagi Prefecture (14 – 18th of May 2011) 

Download the analysis report in English

Comments :

All the vegetables from the South of Miyagi Prefecture are contaminated at level that allows shipping.
The soil samples of the farms where these vegetables were collected are also all contaminated at levels that allow rice farming. In all cases, contamination of cesium is less than 5 000 Bq/kg that is the limit set by the Japanese authorities.
Nevertheless, it is important to note that there is no safety limit in term of radioactivity.
Surface contamination of farm F is above the Belarusian limit of 37,000 Bq/m2 involving a regular monitoring.
None of the water samples is tainted.

sols miyagi kg en

sols miyagi m2 en

leg miyagi en

eaux miyagi en

(↑)

Surrounding of the sludge incineration plant of Tokyo, Koutou-ku (22-25th May 2011)

Comments :

The surroundings of the sludge incineration plant located in Tokyo Bay are highly contaminated. This pollution is probably largely due to the fume of the incineration plant that burned radioactive sludge. The surface contamination of cesium-137 is above the Belarusian limit of 37,000 Bq/m2 involving a regular monitoring.
Contamination of plants is also high. The sharp difference between the dry grass and moss is due to the fact that the results are expressed per kilogram of material.
There should be a more detailed monitoring of the contamination in the area.

sols koutou ku kg en

sols koutou ku m2 en

leg koutou ku en

(↑)

Soil from the surroundings of Tokyo (15-17th of May 2011)

Comments :

All soil samples taken near Tokyo are contaminated by fallouts from the disaster of the Fukushima NPP  at significant levels.
In the city of Kashiwa (Chiba prefecture), the surface contamination of cesium-137 is above the Belarusian limit of 37,000 Bq/m2 involving a regular monitoring.
There should be a more detailed study of the contamination in the area.

sols env tokyo kg en

sols env tokyo m2 en
(↑)

Urines of children living in Fukushima town (19-21st of May 2011)

ACRO press release
Download analysis report

urine en
(↑)

Soils and pasture from Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures (5th of May 2011 – 4th of July 2011)

Download analysis report

Comments :

All the soil samples are contaminated by cesium 134 and 137 coming from the fallout of the Fukushima accident. All the mass contaminations are lower than the limit of 5 000 Bq/kg fixed by the Japanese authorities for  rice farming.
The first two samples in table (from Gyufun and Ochiba) were collected in a greenhouse, protected from the rain, and are therefore less contaminated.
In two places, the surface contamination exceed 37 000 Bq/m2 involving q regular monitoring in Belarus.
Pasture is also contaminated by cesium 134 and 137 at levels that allows grazing.

tab 110629 sols kg en

tab 110629 sols m2 en

tab 110629 pature en

tab 110711 herb en
(↑)

Tap water from Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures (8th of June 2011 – 19th of June 2011)

tab 110629 eaux en

 Vegetables from Fukushima-city (18th of June 2011 – 20th of June 2011)

tab 110629 leg en
(↑)

Vegetables and milk from Fukushima-city and Miyagi (3rd of July 2011 – 5th of July 2011)

tab 110711 leg en

tab 110711 lait en
(↑)

Fishes from Onahama port, Fukushima Pref. (23rd of May 2011 and 23rd-24th of July 2011)

These fishes were collected by Greenpeace from fishermen of Onahama port in Fukushima pref.

They are all contaminated. Some of them have a total concentration in cesium that is higher than 500 Bq/kg that is the limit fixed by Japanese authorities for food.

If fishes are contaminated to such levels, sea water must be contaminated too. But the analysis done by the Japanese authorities should be more stringent: below the detection limit of 4 Bq/l for iodine 131, 6 Bq / L for cesium 134 and 9 Bq / l for cesium 137, it is said “undetectable”. It is necessary to have lower limits, because marine life tends to concentrate the pollution.

fishGP
± 2σ

(↑)

Follow up of radioactivity monitoring in urines of 10 children from Fukushima city (july 2011)

ACRO press release

Comments :

At the request of Japanese citizens, ACRO analyzed the urine of 18 Japanese children from the prefecture of Fukushima and from Tokyo and its surroundings.

All the 15 children from Fukushima have or had their urine contaminated with radioactive fallout from the nuclear accident located approximately 60 km away. This means that children themselves have been or are contaminated. However, we did not detect any contamination in the urine of the three children from Tokyo and surroundings.
While the tests performed by the Japanese authorities give about one child from Fukushima out two that is contaminated, we get 100%. This reflects the fact that the official measurements are not accurate enough and did not detect all contaminations.

The first 10 children are the same as in our previous measurement campaign (results released June 30). 9 of them have left the province of Fukushima since. Only one remained (U2).
U6 child was evacuated in end of March. U3 and U4 children were evacuated in the end of May. 3 left late June, early July and three others at the beginning of the school holidays from July 22.

Finally, five new children live nearby Fukushima-city. One of them was evacuated in the middle of May (U14).

U11 and U12 attend the same high school where they frequently practice sports on the same playground. The difference in the contamination could be due to food.

More than four months after the massive discharges of radioactivity into the environment, all children still in Fukushima at the time of urine sampling were contaminated, although their parents do their best to reduce this contamination. Evacuation is a way to reduce contamination. Variations in internal contamination between different children might be due to food.

It is important to conduct an accurate, systematic and regular monitoring of internal contamination of children from Fukushima. Families must have access to the measurement of radioactivity to help them reduce this contamination.

110802 urine1 en
± 2σ

Radioactivity analysis in urines of other 5 children from the Fukushima prefecture (july 2011)

110802 urine2 en
± 2σ

 Radioactivity analysis in urines of 3 children around tokyo ( july 2011)

110802 urine3 en

(↑)

Soils from the Hokkaido, kanagawa, miyagi and fukushima prefectures (28th of June – 31st of July 2011)

Comments :

At Kosugō, in Shiraishi-city, located in the southern part of Miyagi Pref. at 75 km of the Fukushima NPP, the total contamination of cesium reachs 343 000 Bq/m2. In Belarus, the population would be eligible to migration.
In the city of Kakuta, located in Miyagi Pref. at 66 km of the plant, the total contamination of cesium is 163 000 Bq/m2. In Belarus, this would imply a regular radiation monitoring.
There is a significant contamination in Yokohama located at about 300 km of the plant. Furano-city in Hokkaido, is at 670 km of the plant.

110811(04) sols kg en

110811(04) sols m2 en

(↑)

potatoes from the fukushima prefecture (july 2011)

110811 pdt en

(↑)

Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku (19th of August – 22nd of August 2011)

Fishes and seaweeds provided by Greenpeace

110830 poiss en

110830 alg en

(↑)

Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku (13th of september – 14th of september 2011)

Fishes and seaweeds provided by Greenpeace

110920 poiss en

110920 alg en
(↑)

Samples from fukushima pref. (september 2011)

Samples brought back by a French film director. Indications on the location are not confirmed.
The hotspot from Kawamae-cho is known by the inhabitants.

johnson sols en

johnson vgtx en
(↑)

Fishes and seaweeds from Tohoku (12th of october – 13th of october 2011)

Fishes and seaweeds provided by Greenpeace

111017 poiss en
ND: Not Detected

111017 alg en
ND: Not Detected
(↑)

urines and dust from vacuum cleaners (september – november 2011)

ACRO press release (from December 15th at 10am)

House dust

ACRO has analysed dust of vacuum cleaners from 13 dwellings. Excepted Osaka, chosen as a reference because it is located 600 km from the plant, all dust samples are contaminated with cesium 137 and 134 following the catastrophe of Fukushima.

It is in the district of Watari of Fukushima-city that the contamination is highest with almost 20,000 becquerels per kilogram for both cesium. This district, located about fifty kilometres from the plant, is known to be particularly contaminated and the sale of rice is prohibited.

Homes are also significantly contaminated in Ichinoseki in Iwate province to the north and in Kashiwa in Chiba to the south, situated in the northern suburbs of Tokyo. In both cities, located about 200 km of the plant, contaminated dust is nearly 6,000 becquerels per kilogram.

We don’t know from when the dust was collected by the vacuum cleaners. In Japan, one removes shoes before entering home.

111215 tab dust en

Urines of children from Tohoku

ACRO has also continued to analyse the urine of children at the request of Japanese citizens. Even if there is not 100% of the urine contaminated in Fukushima prefecture, which is good news, many children continue to be contaminated at levels that do not decrease from the levels we measured in May.

Some of these children live in homes where we controlled the dust from the vacuum cleaner. But it does not seem to be any clear correlation between the contamination of dust and urine. This leads us to point the finger to the food as the main contributor to the internal contamination.

Urine is the most contaminated in Ichinoseki in Iwate prefecture located 200 km from the crippled nuclear plant.

111215 tab urines en

Urines of children from Kantô

For the first time, we found a contamination of the urine of a child in Tokyo. This probably comes from the diet.

111215 tab urines2 en

(↑)

Study on mushrooms from Kawamata, Fukuhima Pref. (November 2011)

Comments :

Fresh mushrooms (hiratake) were first analysed. There were soaked in water during half an hour and cooked during 15 minutes in acid (water+vinegar) or salted water. After these processes, it appears that only 11% of the caesium was transferred to the soaking water. But between 31 and 32% of the caesium was transferred to the cooking water.

120107 champ en

(↑)

Fish and oysters from Tohoku (November – December 2011)

Comments :

French journalists brought these fishes and oysters back. The concentration in caesium in fishes is lower than the actual limit of 500 Bq/kg. But for two of these fishes, it is higher than the future limit of 100 Bq/kg.

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Food from Ichinoseki in Iwate Pref. (May 2011 – January 2012)

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House dust collected by vacuum cleaners in the Tohoku area (January 2012)

The ACRO also analyzed new samples of house dust collected by vacuum cleaners in Miyagi and Fukushima Pref.: we confirm that all the dust is contaminated with high levels. For comparison, the Japanese authorities have set the limit at which a waste is considered as radioactive at 8000 Bq/kg. Two of the samples of dust that cannot be put in garbage.
Systematic monitoring of contamination of houses seems necessary.

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (February 2012)

ACRO continues to face a large demand for urine testing from Japan at the request of local NGOs or individuals and to provide free analysis. This time, the urines come from prefectures that further from the Fukushima NPP.
Results show that urines are still contaminated almost one year after 3/11 and are contaminated in places located as far as Oshu (Iwate Pref.) at about 220 km from the NPP. In Miyagi Pref. that is closer, urines are also contaminated. It is particularly the case in Marumori.
Sample n°11 comes from the same girl from Ichinoseki as the last time. We notice a significant decrease of the contamination. Parents were eating vegetables from the Grandparents’ garden without expecting that they could be contaminated. The urine test provided by ACRO allowed them to change their food habits and protect themselves.

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (March 2012)

Comments (analyzed urine from March to June 2012)

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Foodstuffs from Japan (July 2011 – April 2012)

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Urines from various prefectures of Japan (April 2012)

Comments (analyzed urine from March to June 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (May 2012)

Comments (analyzed urine from March to June 2012)

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Water and soils from various prefectures of Japan (February 2011 – May 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (June 2012)

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Comments (analyzed urine from March to June 2012)

The French NGO ACRO is still facing a large demand of urine testing from Japan and thus continues its assistance. Here are 59 new results.
All results of analyzes on children in Tokyo and its suburbs show no contamination, except for a child in the city of Matsudo, Chiba pref..
Not so far from the Fukushima NPP, there are still children with contaminated urine, more than a year after the massive discharges into the environment. This is particularly the case in the province of Fukushima, but also in the neighbouring prefectures of Miyagi and Tochigi. These contaminations are low, but persist over time.
At Kurihara, Miyagi prefecture, they are all children of farmers who eat farm products. Contamination levels of the urine are similar ranging from 1.68 to 2.5 Bq / l for both caesium.
For 5 people, it was a follow up. In all cases, there is a decrease in contamination, which shows the merit of this kind of test that helps people to be careful.

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Atmospheric deposition around the incinerator of Fuji – Shizuoka Pref. (June 2012)

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Analysis of a cyanobacteria wipe from Minami Soma, Fukushima Pref. (June 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (July 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (August 2012)

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Foodstuffs from Japan (September 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (September 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (October 2012)

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Urine from various prefectures of Japan (November 2012)

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House dust collected by vacuum cleaners from various prefectures (November 2012)

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Urine from Fukushima prefecture (December 2012)

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Dietary Supplement – Coral Calcium from Okinawa island (January 2013)

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Urine from Miyagi prefecture (January 2013)

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